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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>這是最近在群中聽舍得老師講座整理的,發在這里,有興趣的朋友可以學習下。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">主講:*</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舍得之間</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 前幾天做一詩學講座,主要是根據自己的一首七律習作,來說明做一首近體詩的大致過程。但是,這看是簡單快捷,幾分鐘就寫出來的作品,其實凝結了很多近體詩的知識在其中。最基本的,是要符合格律。如果沒有格律的形式,所寫的也就稱不上“七律”或“七絕”這類“近體詩”這個名稱了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 寫詩需要提煉的是詩意,但是必須在掌握一些基礎的,工具性的知識的基礎之上的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 好,下面開始今天的講座。今天主要是兩個內容,一是聲韻,一是格律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 學習古典詩詞,必須認識并掌握《平水韻》。《平水韻》的歷史淵源以及其對古典詩詞的重要性,在前幾天的講座時,我大致提了一下,也強調了認識《平水韻》(其實是以《平水韻》為代表的古韻)的重要性。關于這個問題雖然有一定的爭議性,也就是所謂的新舊韻之爭,但這里不做其探討或爭議。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 在以后我的所有關于古典詩詞的講座中,都會貫穿這樣的觀點</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那就是要想學習古典詩詞,跨入古典文學的頂級殿堂,那么,必須認識并熟悉《平水韻》。這是學習詩詞所必須掌握的,這是基礎中的基礎。不識古韻,是永遠跨不進古典詩詞真正的殿堂的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 說句通俗點的話:古詩配古韻,就這么簡單。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 《平水韻》的歷史淵源我們在這里就不做一一考究了,但使用它是我們今天學習古典詩詞的前提。今天著重說的,是如何對它的熟悉和掌握。我在這里介紹的,是一些學習并辨識古韻的方法和學習體會。畢竟,《平水韻》的發音與今天有所區別,重點中的重點,就是對入聲的掌握。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 現在漢語里只有平聲(陰平,陽平),上聲,去聲,而古韻里原來是有四聲的,平、上、去、入。今天缺的那一聲,就是“入聲”。我們學習的第一步,就是要把這“入聲”給找回來。只有把它找回來,我們才有可能認識詩詞中要求的平仄,才有可能去對仗,去押韻,才有可能完成我們對近體詩格律規律的掌握。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 記得前些日子教一位朋友學習近體詩,也是從最基礎的聲韻開始的。說了半天他也沒搞明白這平平仄仄的區分,也不懂這平時普通話里的平音,怎么就被劃到了仄音里去了。這時,我忽然問他,你老家是哪里的,他說是福建的。我說這太好的,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是我找了些現今已經被派入平聲里的入聲字,比如“白、竹、笛、蝶、德、合、盒”等字,讓他用普通話讀一遍,再用他們老家的方言口音讀一下,讓他體會,用他老家福建的話試試,和普通話的發音區別在哪。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 讀了幾個,他樂了。他感覺到了,老家的話對這字的發音,就是仄。再找幾個入聲字,他讀來還是仄聲。我說,你占大便宜了,想學近體詩,熟悉古音入聲這關,你通過了!要讀古詩,要寫近體詩,或填詞,你就用老家話去選字判平仄好了。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">為什么他這么快就通過了我們甚至幾年都難過的音韻關?只須幾分鐘的工夫。當然這得向歷史要答案了。我們今天要學習的這《平水韻》,其實就源于中原古音,前幾天我說了,在中國音韻學的分類里,秦漢以前屬于上古音,晉唐乃至宋末,屬于中古音。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 元以后屬于近古音。唐詩宋詞起源乃至鼎盛的時期,就是以中古音為基石的。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 我們今天手里拿到的這個《平水韻》就是集那時的音韻學大成而匯編整合出來的。它伴隨著那些歷史上的名流名篇名句,流傳到了我們今天。閩南話,也叫臺語,它還有個名稱叫做“河洛語”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 福建,古時候是荒蠻之地。晉代和唐朝的時候</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在中原很多人避難到福建</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然后在福建閩南很多人到臺灣去</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以,這些地區受后來文化的波及很小。把當時的官話,也就是河洛語給帶了過去,保留至今。這些地區的語言,實際上成了我國古漢語的“活化石”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 據考古資料考證,所謂“河洛語”,其實就是河南洛陽的語言,不是今天的,而是唐時的前后。洛陽長期以來是中國古代王朝的國都,這里當時的“河洛話”相當于官方語言,如今天的普通話。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 唐朝的官方語言就是現在的“閩南語”,換個說法,李白、杜甫這些詩人都會講閩南語。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 這些在他們的詩歌中都能體現,這也就是為什么用閩南語讀唐詩反而更押韻的原因了。所以,“中古音”,也叫“中原古音”,不僅有時間上概念的劃分,也有地域方面的標識意義。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 學古典詩詞,閩南人有天然的口音優勢,可是象我們這些非閩南語地區的人怎么辦?我本人就是典型的“北方佬”,說話一口北方的“大碴子”味,我們又去上哪找那個“入聲”呢?想強記吧,那里有多少漢字啊,得費老勁了。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 不說三十部的約四五千字的平聲部分需要記了,只入聲就有二千左右字,一篇二千字的文可以很容易背下來,這些互相獨立的文字的堆集,可就難記了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 其實,現今對我們影響最大的,造成最大的障礙的也是“入聲”,北方人根本就不認識這入聲為何物。我向來反對苦記硬背一些東西,即使枯燥無味如《平水韻》表,我也主張去找點竅門。投機取巧,其實并不總是貶義的詞,死記硬背,才是很傻的事兒呢。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 別的不說了,咱學近體詩,要快樂地學,要輕松地學。僅僅一個“入聲”便掃了千百萬人學習的興趣,僅僅一個“入聲”便使我們對近體詩望而卻步,進而畸形畸變為什么新韻,這是不應該的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 那么,怎么來記住這些入聲字呢?不想累個半死去記,也不想放棄它而追求新韻,那就要想辦法了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 其實,網絡上也好,學術界也好,關于入聲的辨別方法是有很多在流傳的。但是這么多方法,都需要我們再去掌握一些其他的知識,比如反切,比如去借用什么漢語拼音的聲母或韻母的組合來辨別它。好累好累,有這工夫,還不如去死記硬背幾個字呢。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 不是說這些方法不好,而是說,對于初學者來說,那無疑在入門的道路上,又多設了一道門。說是幫咱們入門快,其實這往往反而讓我們心生煩躁,望而生畏。比如要說起“反切”,有幾個人知道“反切”為何物呢?說起字母辨別法,誰又耐煩去記哪些和哪些的組合才是入聲呢?有記這組合的工夫,咱都記住好幾個入聲字了。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 我的建議是,先去熟悉一些入聲字,咱先掌握起來再說。至于其他方法,在熟悉了一部分之后,再去研究一下,那將是更有效率的。拋掉那些理論上的指導,我們就用最直接,最簡單,最原始的辦法去找竅門吧。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 什么最直觀的?當然是圖形,那么我們就從通過字的形狀來記住那哪字是入聲字。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 比如,我們知道“白”字為入聲,那么,幾乎所有含有白字的字,幾乎都是入聲。例如“泊、粕、伯、柏、帛、舶、箔、珀……”等等(泉字除外)。這樣,我們記住一個“白”字,是不是等于記住了一大片?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>“泊、粕、伯、柏、帛、舶、箔”這一類的字,根本無須去單個記它,一看這字里含有個“白”字在里面,那不管他現在讀什么音,先把它扔到入聲這口袋里再說了。再引申一下,百字里就有個“白”字,含有“百”字的字,也都是入聲,比如陌字。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 同樣,我們再看一個“曷”字,它也屬于“入聲”,根據上面的推論,那我們只要見到任何字里,含有這個“曷”字,立即毫不猶豫地判定它為仄音字(入聲)。比如“喝、褐、渴、羯、揭、遏、葛……”等等,這樣省事多了吧?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 一個“曷”字,又讓我們記住了一大片字啊,只須看它的字形,簡單又方便。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 其實,不止上面這兩個字,有這種情況的,相當的多,那么,對于我們的記憶入聲字,是不是也是更方便了?再看這個“只”字,它是屬于入聲字。那么,我們依舊去找含有這個字的其他字“織、識、幟”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 我們再反復找出一些類同的字,“滴、嫡、嘀、謫、摘……”,“弗、佛、拂、氟……”;“碟、蝶、堞、諜、牒、揲、蹀、喋、鰈……”;“插、鍤……”等等等等等等,看出來了吧?呵呵,簡單的很。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 說到這,我們就可以體會到,根據字形去辨別入聲字,是不是比一個個去死記簡單的多了?記住一個字,就可以記住一大串乃至一大片。而且,我們這時也沒用任何其他理論知識啊,只是用我們的眼睛,這就是直觀記憶法(俺取的名)。至少,我們可以省力了許多,至少,我們先記住這一大片再說。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 還有一些我們常用的,比如“竹、笛、得、德、石、托”等等,用的多了,記住一個是一個,根本不需要去死記的。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 入聲的取消,其實是被派入現在國音的一二三四聲里去了。這里,順便再簡單介紹一些字,看他們怎么被派進去的,也順便幫大家熟悉一下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">入聲字派入今音第一聲(陰平)的有:屋、哭、縮、屈、曲、積、績、跡、失、濕、七、戚、漆、匹、忽、八、脫、殺、缺、約、托、激、黑…</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>入聲字派入今音第二聲(陽平)的有:竹、筑、服、福、幅、熟、叔、塾、足、族、卒、局、讀、孰、覺、質、實、疾、伐、罰、竭、杰、達、活、哲、極、急、息……</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">入聲字派入今音第三聲(上聲)的有:谷、谷、轂、卜、角、筆、乙、骨、發、葛、鐵、帖、腳、窄、尺、……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">入聲字派入今音第四聲(去聲)的有:木、錄、目、若、弱、陸、鹿、腹、欲、玉、樂、日、術、物、勿、沒、莫、月、越、闊、略、悅、落、鶴、壁、畢、赤、色……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>俺認可的方法介紹到這。其實,還有很多對于古音的記憶區別之法。這里順手介紹一下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>根據拼音來判別的:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一:聲母</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">g</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">j</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">zh</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">讀成陽平的如“白、笛、國”等為入聲字。惟獨“鼻”古為去聲,“雹、甭、咱”古是平聲。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ue</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">韻母為古入聲,惟獨“靴、瘸、嗟”例外。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">uo</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">zh</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ch</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">sh</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">r</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼都是入聲。如桌、戳、說、若。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">與</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">f</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">s</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼多是入聲,如發、砸、擦。(“仨”字、“灑”字例外)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ia</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">q</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼都是,和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">x</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼惟獨“霞、蝦、暇(含“瑕、遐”等)不是,和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">j</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼惟獨“夾、甲、戛”及其形聲字是。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">l</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">z</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">s</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼都是入聲,如得、特、樂、則、冊、色。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">he</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中除了“禾、何、河、賀”及其形聲字外都是。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">e</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“平聲中除了“額”字外沒有入聲,上、去中除了“餓”字外都是入聲。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ie</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">韻母與</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">t</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">l</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拼都是入聲,惟獨“咩”不是,是古平聲。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">jie</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平聲中除了“皆、街、嗟”外都是入聲(只說平聲)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">qie</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中除了“茄、且、趄”外都是入聲(含上、去)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">xie</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平聲中唯“歇、挾、擷、協”(只說平聲)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">ye</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中除“耶、爺、也、椰、夜、野、冶”外都是入聲(液、掖、腋三字也是入聲,這里不從“夜”字,是特殊情況)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">xi</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中陽平為入聲,陰平惟獨“昔、夕、析、悉、息”和其的形聲字及“吸、翕、錫”是。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">shi</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中陽平除“時”外都是,陰平惟獨“濕、失、虱”是入聲。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">八:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">fu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中“復、伏、服、紱、副(含富、福、幅形聲字)”及形聲字是。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">shu</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中“贖、孰、束、叔、屬、蜀、術”及其形聲字是。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>(上面這個資料,來源于網絡,借鑒一下)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 跨越音韻障礙最根本的方法是什么?其實還是”反切“之法。這是辨別中古四聲之呼法的正途。這里介紹一下什么是“反切”。什么是反切讀音法呢?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 其實很簡單</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">----</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是兩字連讀而成一音,取前字為聲母(子音)下字為韻母(母音)。這兩個字的讀音慢點讀呢,是兩個音,急促一點讀它,就成為一個音兒了。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000> 這樣切音的方法,就是傳說中的“反切法”。用作反切的兩個字,前一個字叫“反切上字”,簡稱“切上字”或“上字”,后一個字叫“反切下字”,簡稱“切下字”或“下字”。被注音字叫被反切字,簡稱被切字。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>舉例:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“田”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“徒年”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“偶”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“五口”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“妻”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“千西”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“扭”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“你有”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“兼”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“基添”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“租”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“尊烏”切,</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“庚”字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“歌亨”切等等……</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">截止到清末時為止,所有韻書都是由“反切”為注音法的。比如《唐韻》、《廣韻》、《集韻》、《辭源》、《辭!、《康熙字典》等等。所以,了解這些,對于學習中國古典文化,是有很多意義的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>好,關于古典詩詞聲韻所做的介紹就說到這里,這是修習近體詩的的第一步。也是不可避開的一步。雖然內容有點枯燥,但是卻絕對是基礎中的基礎。以后所有的關于近體詩的體裁上的問題,都是建立在它的基礎之上的。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>其實,既然明白了古韻的四聲,那么平仄就很簡單了。平即是指平聲(上平下平是等價的,只是因為平聲字字數多而分二大部分而已),仄即是指上、去、入這三聲。平和仄的概念清楚了,那么,我們下面的格律的概念也就很容易了。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>下面開始介紹近體詩的格律:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>在講近體詩格律之前,我們再確認一下近體詩的特點,或者稱為定義</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,每一句的字數相等,五言或七言。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,四句一首的我們稱為絕,八句一首的我們稱為律。比八句還多的叫長律,也叫排律。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,一韻到底,且只能押平聲韻。所有的近體詩,第一句都是可押韻,可以不押韻的。除了第一句,單數句不許押韻,只能在偶數句押韻。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,在律當中,第一二句叫首聯(也叫起聯),第三四句叫頷聯(承聯),第五六句叫頸聯(轉聯),第七八句叫尾聯(結聯)。中間兩聯上下句(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">句和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">句,及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">句和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">句)要有對仗的關系,其他兩聯可以對仗可以不對仗。頷聯對仗可以略寬些,但是頸聯則要求工對。關于近體詩的對仗,我們以后有專門課程講授。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,要合乎格律詩的平仄規律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>下面要說的,就是近體詩的平仄規律。有了前面對音韻的初步認識,我們就可以來學習近體詩的格律了。今天只是介紹一下格律基本的構成的形式。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>近體詩的平仄,有一定的排布規律的,這種規律,被稱為“平仄譜”。一般來講,“平仄譜”的安排有下面三條原則:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一,每句中的字,以兩字或三字為一組,平仄相間</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">對</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">出句與對句的平仄要相對。只有首句在押韻的情況下,則下三字會有所變動。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">粘</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">前一聯的對句(下句)與后一聯的出句(上句)的平仄相同。由于押韻之故,下三字會有所變動。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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[ 本帖最后由 若言 于 2010-5-22 18:37 編輯 ] |
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